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Vitalik Buterin's Recent Warning on Quantum Computing and Bitcoin
Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, issued a stark warning at the Devconnect conference in Buenos Aires on November 18, 2025, stating there's a "live possibility" that fault-tolerant quantum computers could break elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)—the foundational security mechanism for Bitcoin and most blockchains—before the 2028 U.S. presidential election. This could potentially expose private keys, allowing theft of funds from exposed wallets, and undermine confidence in crypto assets like Bitcoin. Buterin emphasized that while the industry has "a few good years" to prepare, the pace of quantum hardware progress (e.g., Google's recent qubit breakthroughs and Microsoft's quantum chip) makes the threat more immediate than previously thought.
Key Details from Buterin's Comments
Timeline Risk: Buterin estimates a 20% chance of quantum computers capable of running Shor's algorithm (which cracks ECC) emerging before 2030, with risks escalating by 2040. Quantum researcher Scott Aaronson corroborated this, noting the "staggering rate of hardware progress" could yield a viable machine by 2028.
Impact on Bitcoin: Bitcoin relies on ECC for signatures and key generation. A quantum attack could drain wallets where public keys are exposed (e.g., via past transactions). About 25% of Bitcoin's supply is considered vulnerable, per Deloitte estimates. Ethereum faces similar risks but has more flexibility for upgrades.
Preparation Urged: Buterin called for accelerated migration to post-quantum cryptography (e.g., lattice-based or hash-based signatures), already standardized by NIST. He suggested Ethereum could "ossify" layers at different speeds for quantum-proofing, but Bitcoin may require a hard fork by 2030, as advised by developer Théau Peronnin.
No Immediate Panic: Experts like Alex Pruden of Project 11 stress "we don’t need to panic, but we need to get serious," as current quantum systems are too error-prone (needing millions of stable qubits). Solutions exist today, but implementation lags.
Community and Expert Reactions
Optimism vs. Caution: Bitcoin maximalists like Nick Szabo and Adam Back downplay the near-term threat, arguing quantum tech is decades away and Bitcoin can upgrade. However, Buterin's 20% probability aligns with Metaculus forecasts, sparking debates on Reddit and X about proactive forks.
Historical Context: Buterin's interest in quantum threats dates back to 2013, when he explored simulating quantum mining for Bitcoin (a project that fizzled). His 2025 warning echoes Y2K-like urgency but focuses on mechanical risks once scale is achieved.
Implications for Bitcoin and Crypto
Quantum threats aren't unique to Bitcoin—they affect all ECC-based systems, including Ethereum and traditional finance. The industry is shifting toward quantum-resistant algorithms, but Bitcoin's decentralized governance could slow upgrades. In the short term, this hasn't dented Bitcoin's price (trading at ~$110,000 amid ETF inflows), but long-term holders are advised to avoid key reuse and monitor NIST standards.
For deeper dives, Buterin's full talk is available on DL News, and quantum-safe tools like those from Project 11 are emerging for wallet protection.
Sources: Inline citations reference recent reports from Forbes , CCN , Blockonomi , and others.
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